Before the definition of the concept of displacement or what he calls some Almt_khassah dissuade that Majaozh point out that John Cohen has constructed edifice theoretical and systematic analysis of the "structure of poetic language" on the set of diodes, the desire to put a scientific and objective on his hand, and overcome the Impressionist and susceptibilities that fell into the old rhetoric on the other hand. Perhaps the most important bilateral Cohen adopted in bilateral poetic discourse analysis: (standard / shift) or what is known as short theory of displacement.
In fact, the concept of displacement has used the first time in stylistic studies, especially when Rafatyr, Bali and Spitzer, but Cohen gave another dimension to the concept and developed it until his name has been associated with. What is meant when Balandziah Cohen?
The concept of displacement when Cohen is no different from the definition given by Charles Bruno of the incident stylistic, Valoslob him, "is all that is not common nor ordinary and do not conform to the standard of the year." Hence it can be said that the shift method, and then do not define what there is in it, but does not define what where, any method that is not common or familiar not worded in consumer templates. The message is not poetry, but if all's gone Sunan language or words Bart The method determines compared to zero degrees in writing, so that Cohen does not establish a definition of poetry on the basis of quantitative criteria, "the antithesis of prose poetry."
The idea of displacement in this sense looking for a fixed principle in technical language, and looking for common denominators in the language of poets, all regardless of different languages and their environments and their writing style, Valandziah is individual and non-specialist literary stage without the other. Cohen asserts that poetic text technical undergoing basic phases:
1 - phase displacement ask, where is the violation of the rules cracking prose and its structural and semantic and acoustic.
2 - Stage denied displacement, and which is rebuilding the sentence again to regain consistency and relevance, Valcharih "the process of two-faced people living simultaneous: displacement and exile cracking infrastructure and rebuilding again., And in order to achieve the poem Charitha should be the significance of the missing first and then is found, and that in the consciousness of the reader. "In light of this perception Kuhn analyzed a set of images rhetoric as a shift from the ways of the language, a stylistic images belong to different levels of linguistic and semantic audio and synthetic. We find the same perception when hepatic Farka Kibedi Varga, with little difference in the nature of the species Alandziahih He believes that every picture rhetorical unit lingual include a shift, and that the images rhetoric is a system of the offsets linguistic, and here distinguishes between three types of offsets: shifts synthetic anything to do with the mark brand and any relationship shifts deliberative brand Balbat and receiver shifts and semantic mark any relationship to reality.
There is a question imposes itself: Is it enough presence of displacement in order to achieve hair? Cohen answered that it is not enough to breach the ways of language to create a poem, Valoslob error but not all wrong approach, hence, the "roses of frequent shift in the poem does not confirm it as a necessary and sufficient condition for the incident poetic."
This position was expressed by Cohen allowed him to dismiss a series of offsets that cluttered the poetic process and function of poetry, particularly the offsets Surrealism where it is difficult to move from normative meaning to the intended meaning suggestive. In this regard, states Cohen that the displacement capillary is determined by a shift in significance, any transition from the meaning of normative mental to the meaning suggestive of emotional and it is not the appearance of the second meaning, but the disappearance of the first, and clearly demonstrates it in the various manifestations of displacement Kalnzm identification and attribution and presentation delays and other images stylistic, "Valandziah when Cohen is not the final end in itself, but it's just a way."
Despite the importance of displacement thesis defended by John Kuhn in the treatment of literary phenomenon, they have not received from several objections and criticisms ranged between flexibility and violence. Will not care about the review of all the objections and criticism to poetry as a shift from the linguistic standard, primarily because it does not allow, but limit ourselves to review the most prominent.
The main criticism of the poetic linguistic as a shift from the language law came from the same structural, and evoke criticism in this area Jeanette tractor through his article: "poetic language and poetic language." Registration should be gained from the outset that does not diminish the importance of the theory of displacement when Cohen, both in terms of the curriculum which begged him researcher or in terms of the conclusions reached, however it is discussed in some of the positions and views on Baloslobah and Rhetoric old and transformations of modern poetry. It is sufficient here included by two two objections:
1 - Lack of interest Balandziahat lexical in determining the structure of poetic language, and known that "Pierre Giroux" proved the existence of a glossary my hair out of his study aboard my hair, and compare data this dictionary poetic those that restrict "the Dirbek Van Derbeke in ordinary language, and reveal this comparison for the presence of lexical shift is very clear.
2 - If Cohen asserts that the absence of an indication of conformity is a necessary condition for the emergence of an indication to suggest the Johnat object to this position and believes that the presence of the dual significance of conformity and the significance of the suggestion is that keeps the poetic ambiguity in the image of modern or classic image.
The same situation is found also at the group Mo Belgian in its joint work "eloquence General Rhétorique générale", Vallowaqah stylistic in the eyes of this group calls evoke bilateral criterion and displacement at the same time, Valastarh, for example, do not constitute a reality stylistic only Balasthoudar simultaneous meaning real and metaphorical sense, the relationship between displacement The criterion is that generate act stylistic and not drift alone. In line with this perception Excellence group Mo between two types of reading: reading scientist conjures normal use and use in the production of Alandziahi stylistic located at once and read a crude and non-scientist conjures up not only suggestive significance and cancel the corresponding indication. Despite these criticisms, the Djinnit does not reject the content of this theory, but it pays tribute to them in more than one place content and approach.
It seems that the main criticism of the theory of displacement is found at "Olivier Ropoul olivier Reboul, in his article" displacement and language l'écart et le language ", he tried to raise the issue to allow the disclosure of false, focusing attention on an important aspect of displacement, regards the relationship of displacement image. and here poses the following question: If the displacement thesis analyzes the images can analyze the rhetorical Is rhetoric or is it a general decomposition method only?.
The Ropoul two objections in this regard two:
First: All the images are not a rhetorical shifts, so we find rhetorical methods without pictures, and images without rhetorical style. The same idea is expressed by George Mounin by saying that this "theory that justifies undoubtedly one of the properties in each method is not - in spite of it - the magic wand that enables us to detect a method of measuring methods and aesthetic value compared to constant" [27].
Second: The images rhetorical acquires meaning only after their presence in the discourse [28], if the successive verbal following: "This sickle Golden in a field of stars" represent a metaphor good when John Kuhn because they are based on Almnavrh between Missned and ascribed to it, this kind of analysis in the eyes of Rebol minus because it is based on the separation of the image context of private and public of the poem, and to understand the stylistic previous image - metaphor - it is required to visualize Ropoul framed by reading the poem is complete.
It is taken on the theory of displacement also - by Aanafanuccos - neglected context and changing relationships of text to another, as Google stylistic literary language "should be evaluated in the context of the work that I was born. Elements for attracting attention as well be for the base, which takes all the text in the imposed due to the difficulty singling out the concept of the rule is valid for all the text "[29].
Perhaps the most important motivation for this idea and developed stylistic critic Michel Rafatyr. A topic of conversation para pro.
التسميات
Concepts of poetry