The second rock, which will be built by engineering policy tomorrow, they begin semi-direct democracy, where do we serve our representatives. As we have seen, the dissolution or the collapse of the principle of consensus or majority, eliminates the concept of representation itself, and when voters disagree among themselves, it is the part that really represents the people? On the other hand, the lawmakers had finished this call Logistic support (or advice) to an inner group, and sometimes to outside experts the Andhavon. It is very clear that British MPs remain in a weak position in front of Whitehall Whitehall bureaucracy The lack of adequate regulation, this leading to the transfer of power from Parliament to the non-productive employees.
When he tried to Congress, in the United States, to strike a balance between the impact of bureaucracy of the executive power and him, lived is bureaucracy its own, and so established the Department of the budget, and other technological studies, and added to agencies and departments belonging to him, not indispensable. But this is no longer Btaúl is transfer the problem from outside to the inside walls. Thus, the elected representatives of the people, rarely take note of the inter measures that should determine their position, and they always forced to rely more and more on other provisions. The representative no longer represents anything, not even himself.
The parliaments, Congress, and the National Societies, in its origin, areas, have theoretically make up between opposing views. The representatives of these views can negotiate to reach reconciliation. Is that it is not Parliament, with a lame Tools, and trite, such as those we have mentioned, can know enormous demands multitude of small groups, being, as they say, is represented, not even to be a mediator or "broker". And the greater the burden on the U.S. Congress and the German Bundestag, or Norwegian Alstorting, the situation has worsened.
Now we better understand that stubbornness shown by pressure groups. As the possibility of bargaining or access to an end amid limited within the framework of the parliamentary institution, the requirements or demands of the opposing groups become semi warnings not negotiate. Thus the government Altmthelh, as a final argument, is also collapse.
The eruption of bargaining structures, and friction between the decision-making centers, and the growing paralysis which affects the representative bodies, things might have been the results that a lot of the decisions taken today, will respond gradually to the voters themselves. When can mediators who are our representatives to negotiate on our behalf, wonder no to Antfawd we replace them. While the laws that Enact curious about our needs, first estimate of these needs improvement, then at least the permission of the bear, we ourselves, these laws we need. But that requires us to have the institutions of new technologies.
These Thoreau second wave who invented or devised a mechanism of existing institutions, they are not ignorant of the other side of the equation any such direct democracy. As well as the founding fathers were not ignorant of anything, from municipal system, or popular consent, on the micro level, located in New England, but the weaknesses in direct democracy, and they set, were prominent as well - and in that era, was Mahazerha greater weight of advantages .
"The federal raises Objection front of this renewal," according to Mr. Mc Cauley Mr. Rood JohnsonJohnson They are the authors of the proposal, which calls for a referendum in the United States. The first is said, is that direct democracy was not allowed not adjust or delay temporary emotional reactions, to the masses - and the second argument is that transportation in that era, was not able to ensure that they work (the work of the ballot).
There is no doubt that the problems we have here are legitimate. If people were invited to express an opinion, from mid-1960 the possibility to drop a nuclear bomb on Hanoi, see how we imagine that the American public opinion inflamed aggrieved vote? And how it can be contained Germans West Distinguished rage on gang Baades meinhof To the suggestion that terrorists sympathizers prison camps?And what could be if he found there a popular referendum on Quebec, eight days after the arrival of Rene Levesque To power? The selected representatives estimated they who think their goodness, and lack of motivation with emotions, and listen to what the mind more than the others.
However, we have different ways we are able to control what the public vulnerability to emotion - for example, the imposition of a period of reflection in it before, or re-referendum (or election) after application of the important decisions adopted by referendum, or any other form of direct democracy?And also it is possible to refute the second objection. In fact, the narrow and ancient means of communication, no longer an obstacle to the spread of direct democracy. The amazing advances in communications technology opens for the first time a network of extraordinary means of direct participation of citizens in political decision.
We were pleased biographical time ago when we witnessed a historic incident compose worldwide precedent: We have seen and heard a debate municipal (municipal council) television. Thanks to television, and communication is possible between people on the way, after being tempted by Qube(Cobb) was able to residents of a suburb of Colombus In Ohio to really participate in the work of their plan committee plan . Was enough to leave or abandon their natural, to press a button, in order to cross simultaneously or immediately for their opinion in matters of a political nature, civil Kalthaih, and a system of housing, real estate, or a highway construction project. They were not able to correction "yes" or "no" but they can also intervene in the debate, and to express their point of view. And they can also click on another button, to tell the president, moving to another point of talking points.
This is only the first sign, and the most primitive, at the beginning of direct democracy promised for tomorrow. For the first time in history an absolute electoral commission can, to take decisions, thanks to the computer, satellite, telephone, and then Par Cable TV . As well as sounding techniques opinion, and other advanced tools. The issue is not to solve a system replace another system, not to create electronic municipalities, as envisioned Ross Perot briefly. Indeed, democratic processes more sensitive and Erhv, became possible, as well as the issue is not to choose between direct democracy or indirect democracy, or between self-representation, or representation by other delegation of authority. Indeed, we can imagine a lot of shapes that make up between direct democracy and indirect democracy. Nowadays, whether we in the Congress or in the more parliaments or assemblies, we find that the deputies are creating their committees own, without being of the citizens of any means to compel lawmakers to establish a committee, or inter committees studying neglected problem, or a problem long where or long controversy . But we wonder: Why not the voters the power after the submission of an application to compel the National Assembly, the establishment of a commission to study the problem, see the public - unlike the legislature - it is an important issue?
This does not mean the whole we commend these views fantasy, because we already recognize them and are keen on them, but we just want to insist on the idea of a more comprehensive system: There are ways successful introduction of democracy on the system is approaching its end, in the framework do not find it except a little bit of people - assuming that such a number exists - actually feel that they are representatives. But we must abandon our old mental habits, and neglect the past has become a three-centuries-old. That we can no longer solve problems that we experience based on ideologies, or the remains of structures inherited from the second wave.
But we must also that Nmthan such proposals requirements Allamakdh, the earth, and on a small scale, before we expand the application domain. But no matter what we have seen in such thoughts, the old objections, which was parked in the face of direct democracy weakens, and in the moments that enhanced the objections raised in the face of representative democracy. Whatever the risk of direct democracy half call it, and whatever, in the eyes of some people, it remains to be what we call him, is the principle of moderate can help us to propose new institutions viable.
التسميات
third wave