A cofactors on the growth of awareness and freedom:
- The role of the church;
- Marxist ideology;
- Support for both the United States and the Soviet Union: Despite being originated from the seizure of the territory of the Indians, the oppression and exploitation of the people, together with the Negroes of Africa and turned later into a colonial power, the United States often stands Against the colonial policies and supports other times peoples' rights to freedom and the Atlantic Charter (1941), only proof of that. I was influenced by the Charter of the United Nations Charter Atlantic demanded equality between peoples. The Soviet Union has supported early, since the success of the Bolshevik Revolution, explicitly the rights of peoples to self-determination of colonized peoples through Ranked among the proletariat, including the proletariat of industrial countries. We have supported the Soviets and Chinese Koreans ... etc.;
- The establishment of the United Nations, which calls for equality and freedom;
- Movement Afro - Asian (New Delhi conference in 1949, Bandung 1955, Accra in 1958, and in this last summit, called on delegates attending the independence of Algeria).
- The contradictions of colonial policy after World War II: If we go back to the example of the French Union, we find it contrasts with the French sovereignty, which means that each federation threatens necessarily colonial presence in the colonies are members of the Union, and that is what explains the dominance of France it (any inequality "states "member). Has seen a lot of the peoples of the Union mentioned that belonging to a union that represents a step toward independence.
- Origins and evolution of national liberation movements in the colonies: have been affected, in particular, as seen by the educated elite (discovered its history the National; looked forward to the establishment of equal rights and freedoms between the settlers and parents; aspiration to independence and building systems progressive in their countries ...), as was also affected informing parents of soldiers, who returned from the battle fronts during the two world wars, the obvious differences between politics practiced by the colonial powers in their own countries and those that are pursued in the colonies, making groups of people lacking the rights and freedoms;
Thus, once a major colonial powers collapsed in front of strikes Germany, during World War II, until I started fears disappear gradually colonized peoples embodied in the form of an increase in awareness of the need to get rid of those "paper tigers." It started a wave of liberation after World War II and has taken a variety of forms: Kalmvaaudhat (which constitute the character of the liberation movements in many of the French colonies in Africa) and wars editorial (wars of Indochina and Algeria, for example) and a kind of liberation formal (as reveal to us about dependency relationships through Note the reality of what counts presence of longevity eggs, and retaining the "property", in a lot of colonies yesterday, and the continuation of the colonial powers' interference in the affairs of its colonies freed just them) ... etc..
In the south-east of Asia, demonstrated victories Japanese, in Indochina, Indonesia, Malaysia and others, about the possibility of superiority of race yellow on his white not with weapons, but with science and technology; Although the slogan "Asia Asaaoyen" which lifted the Japanese, but the Alasaaoyen revolted also against them, which demonstrates that the colonized peoples are no longer overwhelmed the decline of what gained.
Once defeated Japan, so quickly adopted them from Japanese occupation authorities to unite efforts against the "common enemy (white)" and regulate matters of the country, to collect arms and the Declaration of Independence: like Indonesia, for example, in 08.17.1945 and 03.09.1945 in Vietnam.
The form of the birth of these countries is actually in front of the old colonialists, who is no longer available to them only two choices: either the war or waiver (concessions).
- India: it enjoyed system relative autonomy, Oqahmha the British in World War II without consulting her family, prompting the Congress Party to demand by granting the right of a constitution for the country, the demand that was offset by the British refused and began then to maneuver so as not to cooperate Indians with Japanese power creeping on Asia . And when I started the promise of the Allied victory in sight, suggested Wawel Marshal (1883-1950) Archibald Percivall Wavell scheme whereby putting power in the hands of the Indians with the British retain the right to defend my authority to intervene in cases of emergency, but the Indian Muslims demanded secession because it does not have the right, in of view, for the conference to speak on behalf of all Indians;
- In the Middle East, has led to an attempt to influence the Nazi Rashid Ali al-Kilani (1892-1965) to rid Iraq of British hegemony, but failed in the same year that occupied by the Germans, Greece (1841);
- In Syria, has led the Vichy government to allow the Germans using air bases in which to a dispute in 1941 between Britain and France, the Vichy government and Free, which ended with the occupation of Syria subject to the mandate. In 1945 forced France to recognize the end of its mandate in Syria.
- The implications of the involvement of Africa in the war effort: increased material prices and the emergence of a middle class and increase the number of city dwellers and the disintegration of the traditional connections and the birth of a quiet movement is not calling for violence or not full independence, but the establishment of national states and associated countries colonized by them and quotation systems. Was led by Azikiwe in Nigeria, Nnamdi Azikiwe (1904 -1996) In Senegal, Leopold Senghor, Léopold Sédar Senghor (1906-2001). At the 1945 conference, held in Manchester in which the peoples of Africa and Africans clearly disclosed their intention to independence.
- The Bandung Conference: Bandung Conference was held (in Indonesia) days 18-24/4/1955, including representatives (including top names as: Jawaharlal Nehru Xu Enlai and Gamal Abdel Nasser) for 29 African countries and newly independent Asaoya. He came as an expression of the intentions of the conference some of its leaders to be free from the U.S. and the Soviet Alnfoven, in contributing to the liberation of more colonial countries. The conference was held in conditions characterized by thorny international competition between the Eastern and Western camps, and stop the Vietnam War and the struggle of a lot of peoples for independence.
Contributed to the emergence of the Bandung Conference in some asian countries and newly independent African in the international arena, in the creation of quasi-pole between the Eastern and Western camps (what will be known as the Non-Aligned Movement), which is active and accelerated in the struggle of the colonial peoples. The conferees also agreed on the need for peaceful coexistence and respect for the Charter of the United Nations (especially the states in which the equality of peoples and respect for sovereignty) and non-interference in the affairs of states and resolving conflicts between states by peaceful means and the elimination of nuclear weapons. Despite this observed variation is evident in the positions of the two conferences, we are reduced to three: the position of the socialist countries (China and Vietnam), and the position of pro-Western (Turkey and Pakistan) and the position of non-biased (India and Egypt).
Frees British colonies: consensus Alcolmnwalt existence and development "as a club to independent countries" with the intention of maintaining the British in their economic interests in the colonies, interests which seemed, after World War II, as the most important.
India: Honest Indian Congress, in 1942, on a statement calling for the British to "leave India (...) you leave the our country free and Snhmiaa fever as the Chinese and the Russians and the British home. Would liberate India directly code and the beginning of the liberation of all the peoples of Asia."
This has resulted from this decision, the outbreak of the movement of disobedience large, were attacked by people police offices, railways and refused to cooperate with the occupation authorities, so the British bombed the villages and the arrest of the leaders of Congress, including Gandhi (1869-1948) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Nehru (1889-1964) Jawaharlal Nehru and Azad Abdul pen (1888-1958). Moreover, carrying the responsibility of the British Indian famine 1943 - 1944, which hit the north-east and south, and that the British did not care about them.
Gandhi claims that a political movement calling for the Indians to follow the style of "non-cooperation, non-violence," * which has increased with the British in the cohesion of the Indian people, to become the Dominion is able to conduct India, which took a national movement calling for complete independence.
In contrast, the work of Mohammed Ali Jinnah, who was a member of Congress and then left him, on the establishment of an Islamic state for the protection of the rights of Muslims after his fear of the possibility of independence of India and its hegemony over all things. On 25/06/1945, held Marshal Wawel, Viceroy, Simla Conference was reunited with the aim of preparing for the independence of India, however, Mohammed Ali Jinnah, demanded the right to appoint members of the Muslims in the Executive Council, which is headed by Wawel.
The elections produced the Central Council, which was conducted at the end of 1945, the following results:
- Indian Congress to get 91.3% of the vote in Indian circles: 57 teams;
- Obtained Muslim League (led by Wing) to 86.8% in Islamic circles: 30 teams.
In March 1946, the government sent the British three envoys assigned Attlee Clement Attlee three members of his government (Krebs and BTEC - Lawrence and Alexander Cripps, Pethick-Lawrence, Alexander) with the task of helping the Indians to find a way to independence quickly, Vastdmt mission to the positions of the Muslim League and the Indian Congress opposing. In 05.16.1946 issued what is known as the "Declaration of 1946," which set conditions to organize politically India and directed by British troops from them.
The Nehru form a national coalition government, did not contest the Muslim League, at which time it broke (August 1946) of the violence between the Indians and Muslims. The pressure from the Marshal Wawel, allowed Ali Jinnah, for a number of members of the Association to join the government, but the lack of cooperation with the government, making the Nehru demanding Association to withdraw its ministers (February 1947). On 20/02/1947 Marshal Wawel select a date for the withdrawal of British forces from India (June 1948 as the deadline for).
On June 3, decided to implement the project Mountbatten Louis Mountbatten, who would turn all of Pakistan and India to Dominionin before independence and then decide if they will join the two peoples first to Alcolmnwalt. In August 1949, India and Pakistan became independent within Alcolmnwalt.
Islamic provinces (Bengal, Osam, Sindh, Punjab, Balochistan, India before independence, the provinces of North-West Frontier and was seeking to create a Pathan) County Sikhs (Kalastan) 600 independent emirate Hindustan.
التسميات
Colonies